Keywords
upper airway, CBCT, clinical assessment, orthodontics.
How to Cite
Upper airway assessment in Orthodontics: a review. (2019). Odontoestomatología, 19(30), 40-51. https://odon.edu.uy/ojs/index.php/ode/article/view/172
Abstract
Introduction: Upper airway assessment is particularly important in the daily work of orthodontists, pediatric dentists, ENT specialists, speech therapists, etc., because of its close connection with the development of craniofacial structures and with other pathologies such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Objective: To review the limits, functions and anomalies of different areas that make up the upper airway, to provide information about specifc methods most widely used by specialists for their evaluation, and to describe and evaluate the information level and diagnostic accuracy of methods such as lateral cephalometric analysis and cone beam CT. Materials and Methods: Te search was conducted on PubMed, with the following keywords: upper airway and CBCT, upper airway and assessment, evaluation and upper airway; upper airway and orthodontics. Only studies less than 5 years old were selected. A total of 46 papers were read and fnally, 38 studios were selected. Conclusions: It is essential to know upper airway assessment methods, which include a clinical examination, a radiographic evaluation and CBCT. Tese will indicate possible functional changes that could interfere with treatment
References
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5. Togeiro SM, Chaves CM, Palombini L, Tufk S. Evaluation of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnoea. In Indian J. Med. Res. 2010; 131(2): 230–235.
6. McNamara, J. A.: A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod. 1984; 86 (6): 449–469.
7. Martín J, Cassade S. Evaluación Funcional de la Vía aérea. Neumol Pediatr. 2012; 7 (2): 61-66
8. Villanueva P, Zepeda A, Lizana M, Fernández M, Palomino H. Efectividad en la detección de la permeabilidad nasal funcional: Presentación de un método clínico. Rev Ch Ort. 2008; 25 (2): 98-106
9. Claudino LV, Matoos CT, Ruellas AC, Sant’Anna EF. Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013: 143 (6): 799–809.
10. El H, Palomo MJ. Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; 137 (4): S50.e1-9.
11. El H, Palomo MJ. Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139 (6): e511-21.
12. Pirilä-Parkkinen K, Löppönen H, Nieminen P, Tolonen U, Pääkkö E, Pirttiniemi P : Validity of upper airway assessment in children: a clinical, cephalometric, and MRI study. Angle Orthod 2011; 81 (3): 433–439.
13. Kim JH, Guilleminault C. The nasomaxillary complex, the mandible, and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 2011; 15 (2): 185–193.
14. Vizzotto MB, Liedke GS, Delamare EL, Silveira HD, Dutra V. A comparative study of lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomographic images in upper airway assessment. Eur J Orthod 2012: 34 (3): 390–393.
15. Battagel JM Postural variation in oropharyngeal dimensions in subjects with sleep disordered breathing: a cephalometric study. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2012: 24 (3): 263–276.
16. Malkoc S, Usumez S, Nur M, Donaghy CE. Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2005: 128 (4): 513–516.
17. Katyal V, Pamula Y, Martin AJ, Daynes CN, Kennedy JD, Sampson JW. Craniofacial and
upper airway morphology in pediatric sleepdisordered breathing: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143 (1): 20-30.e3.
18. Solow B, Skov S, Ovesen J, Norup PW, Wildschiødtz G. Airway dimensions and head posture in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur J Orthod. 1996; 18 (6): 571–579.
19. Fujioka M, Young L W, Girdany BR. Radiographic evaluation of adenoidal size in children: adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979; 133 (3): 401–404.
20. Xin-Feng A, Gang-Li. Comparative analysis of upper airway volumewith lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015; 147 (2): 197-204.
21. Matiñó E, Manel J, Rubert A, Bellet L. Trastornos de respiración obstructivos del sueño en los niños. Acta otorrinolaringológica española. 2010; 61 (1): 40-44.
22. Guijarro MR, Swennen GRJ. Cone-beam computerized tomography imaging and analysis of the upper airway: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2011; 40 (11): 1227–1237.
23. Ghoneima A, Kula K. Accuracy and reliability of cone-beam computed tomography for airway volume analysis. In Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35 (2): 256–261.
24. Van Vlijmen OJ, Kuijpers MA, Bergé SJ, Schols JG, Matal TJ, Breuning H, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Evidence supporting the use of cone-beam computed tomography in orthodontics. In J Am Dent Assoc.2012; 143 (3): 241–252.
25. Celenk M, Farrell ML, Eren H, Kumar K, Singh G, Lozanoff S. Upper airway detection and visualization from cone beam image slices. In J Xray Sci Technol.2010; 18 (2): 121–135.
26. Echarri P. tratamiento ortodóncico y tratamiento ortopédico/funcional de primera fase. Echarri P. Tratamiento ortodóncico y ortopédico de primera fase en dentición mixta 2da ed. Barcelona: Nexus médica, 2009.p55-59.
27. McCrillis JM, Haskell J, Haskell BS, Brammer M, Chenin D, Scarfe WC, Farman AG. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Airway Imaging: A Review. In Seminars in Orthodontics. 2009; 15 (1): 63–69.
28. Kaur S, Rai M, Kaur M. Comparison of reliability of lateral cephalogram and computed tomography for assessment of airway space. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014; 17 (5): 629-36.
29. Dalmau E, Zamora N, Tarazona B. A comparative study of the pharyngeal airway space, measured with cone beam computed tomography, between patients with different craniofacial morphologies. Journal of Craneo-Maxilofacial surgery. 2015; 43 (8): 1438–1446.
30. Castro SL, Silva M. Cone-beam evaluation of pharyngeal airway space in class I, II, and III patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 120 (6): 679-683.
31. Weissheimer A, Menezes LM, Sameshima GT, Enciso R, Pham J, Grauer D. Imaging software accuracy for 3-dimensional analysis of the upper airway. In Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 142 (6): 801–813.
32. El H, Palomo JM. An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35 (2): 262–270.
33. Feres MFN, De Sousa H, Francisco SM, Pignatari SSN. Reliability of radiographic parameters in adenoid evaluation. In Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78 (4): 80-90
34. Lenza MG, Lenza MM, Dalstra M, Melsen B, Cattaneo PM. An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study. In Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012; 13 (2): 96–105.
35. Lorenzoni DC, Bolognese AM, Garib DG, Guedes FR, Sant’Anna EF. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Radiographs in Dentistry: Aspects Related to Radiation Dose. International Journal of Dentistry. 2012; 18 (1): 1–10.
36. Ogawa N, Miyazaki Y, Kubota M, Huang A, Maki K. Application of cone beam CT 3D images to cephalometric analysis. Orthodontic Waves. 2010; 69 (4): 138–150.
37. Raffat A, ul Hamid W. Cephalometric assessment of patients with adenoidal faces. J Pak Med Assoc.2009; 59 (11): 747–752.
38. Zettergren-Wijk L, Forsberg CM, Linder-Aronson S. Changes in dentofacial morphology after adeno-/tonsillectomy in young children with obstructive sleep apnoea, a 5-year follow-up study. Eur J Orthod.2006; 28 (4): 319–326
2. Compadretti G, Tasca I, Bonetti G. Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Rhinology. 2006; 20 (4): 385–393
3. De Felippe NLO, Bhushan N, Da Silveira AC, Viana G, Smith B. Long-term effects of orthodontic therapy on the maxillary dental arch50 Erwin Rojas, Rodrigo Corvalán, Eduardo Messen, Paulo Sandoval and nasal cavity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 136 (4): 490.e1–e8.
4. Isaac A., Major M, Witmans M, Alrajhi Y, Flores-Mir C, Major P, Alsufyani N, Korayem M, El-Hakim H. Correlations between acoustic rhinometry, subjective symptoms, and endoscopic fndings in symptomatic children with nasal obstruction. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015; 141 (6): 550-5.
5. Togeiro SM, Chaves CM, Palombini L, Tufk S. Evaluation of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnoea. In Indian J. Med. Res. 2010; 131(2): 230–235.
6. McNamara, J. A.: A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod. 1984; 86 (6): 449–469.
7. Martín J, Cassade S. Evaluación Funcional de la Vía aérea. Neumol Pediatr. 2012; 7 (2): 61-66
8. Villanueva P, Zepeda A, Lizana M, Fernández M, Palomino H. Efectividad en la detección de la permeabilidad nasal funcional: Presentación de un método clínico. Rev Ch Ort. 2008; 25 (2): 98-106
9. Claudino LV, Matoos CT, Ruellas AC, Sant’Anna EF. Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013: 143 (6): 799–809.
10. El H, Palomo MJ. Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; 137 (4): S50.e1-9.
11. El H, Palomo MJ. Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011; 139 (6): e511-21.
12. Pirilä-Parkkinen K, Löppönen H, Nieminen P, Tolonen U, Pääkkö E, Pirttiniemi P : Validity of upper airway assessment in children: a clinical, cephalometric, and MRI study. Angle Orthod 2011; 81 (3): 433–439.
13. Kim JH, Guilleminault C. The nasomaxillary complex, the mandible, and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath 2011; 15 (2): 185–193.
14. Vizzotto MB, Liedke GS, Delamare EL, Silveira HD, Dutra V. A comparative study of lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomographic images in upper airway assessment. Eur J Orthod 2012: 34 (3): 390–393.
15. Battagel JM Postural variation in oropharyngeal dimensions in subjects with sleep disordered breathing: a cephalometric study. The European Journal of Orthodontics 2012: 24 (3): 263–276.
16. Malkoc S, Usumez S, Nur M, Donaghy CE. Reproducibility of airway dimensions and tongue and hyoid positions on lateral cephalograms. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2005: 128 (4): 513–516.
17. Katyal V, Pamula Y, Martin AJ, Daynes CN, Kennedy JD, Sampson JW. Craniofacial and
upper airway morphology in pediatric sleepdisordered breathing: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143 (1): 20-30.e3.
18. Solow B, Skov S, Ovesen J, Norup PW, Wildschiødtz G. Airway dimensions and head posture in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur J Orthod. 1996; 18 (6): 571–579.
19. Fujioka M, Young L W, Girdany BR. Radiographic evaluation of adenoidal size in children: adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979; 133 (3): 401–404.
20. Xin-Feng A, Gang-Li. Comparative analysis of upper airway volumewith lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015; 147 (2): 197-204.
21. Matiñó E, Manel J, Rubert A, Bellet L. Trastornos de respiración obstructivos del sueño en los niños. Acta otorrinolaringológica española. 2010; 61 (1): 40-44.
22. Guijarro MR, Swennen GRJ. Cone-beam computerized tomography imaging and analysis of the upper airway: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2011; 40 (11): 1227–1237.
23. Ghoneima A, Kula K. Accuracy and reliability of cone-beam computed tomography for airway volume analysis. In Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35 (2): 256–261.
24. Van Vlijmen OJ, Kuijpers MA, Bergé SJ, Schols JG, Matal TJ, Breuning H, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Evidence supporting the use of cone-beam computed tomography in orthodontics. In J Am Dent Assoc.2012; 143 (3): 241–252.
25. Celenk M, Farrell ML, Eren H, Kumar K, Singh G, Lozanoff S. Upper airway detection and visualization from cone beam image slices. In J Xray Sci Technol.2010; 18 (2): 121–135.
26. Echarri P. tratamiento ortodóncico y tratamiento ortopédico/funcional de primera fase. Echarri P. Tratamiento ortodóncico y ortopédico de primera fase en dentición mixta 2da ed. Barcelona: Nexus médica, 2009.p55-59.
27. McCrillis JM, Haskell J, Haskell BS, Brammer M, Chenin D, Scarfe WC, Farman AG. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Airway Imaging: A Review. In Seminars in Orthodontics. 2009; 15 (1): 63–69.
28. Kaur S, Rai M, Kaur M. Comparison of reliability of lateral cephalogram and computed tomography for assessment of airway space. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014; 17 (5): 629-36.
29. Dalmau E, Zamora N, Tarazona B. A comparative study of the pharyngeal airway space, measured with cone beam computed tomography, between patients with different craniofacial morphologies. Journal of Craneo-Maxilofacial surgery. 2015; 43 (8): 1438–1446.
30. Castro SL, Silva M. Cone-beam evaluation of pharyngeal airway space in class I, II, and III patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015; 120 (6): 679-683.
31. Weissheimer A, Menezes LM, Sameshima GT, Enciso R, Pham J, Grauer D. Imaging software accuracy for 3-dimensional analysis of the upper airway. In Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 142 (6): 801–813.
32. El H, Palomo JM. An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013; 35 (2): 262–270.
33. Feres MFN, De Sousa H, Francisco SM, Pignatari SSN. Reliability of radiographic parameters in adenoid evaluation. In Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78 (4): 80-90
34. Lenza MG, Lenza MM, Dalstra M, Melsen B, Cattaneo PM. An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study. In Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012; 13 (2): 96–105.
35. Lorenzoni DC, Bolognese AM, Garib DG, Guedes FR, Sant’Anna EF. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Radiographs in Dentistry: Aspects Related to Radiation Dose. International Journal of Dentistry. 2012; 18 (1): 1–10.
36. Ogawa N, Miyazaki Y, Kubota M, Huang A, Maki K. Application of cone beam CT 3D images to cephalometric analysis. Orthodontic Waves. 2010; 69 (4): 138–150.
37. Raffat A, ul Hamid W. Cephalometric assessment of patients with adenoidal faces. J Pak Med Assoc.2009; 59 (11): 747–752.
38. Zettergren-Wijk L, Forsberg CM, Linder-Aronson S. Changes in dentofacial morphology after adeno-/tonsillectomy in young children with obstructive sleep apnoea, a 5-year follow-up study. Eur J Orthod.2006; 28 (4): 319–326