Palabras clave
Tumores odontogénicos
Patología molecular
Patología molecular
Cómo citar
Bases moleculares de los tumores odontogénicos benignos: revisión de la literatura en el contexto de la última clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2022). Odontoestomatología, 24(39). https://doi.org/10.22592/ode2022n39e315
Resumen
Los tumores odontogénicos (TOs) son un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones que incluyen hamartomas hasta neoplasias benignas o malignas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre los aspectos moleculares y genéticos de algunos TOs benignos. A partir de los estudios revisados, se apoya la idea de que las causas genéticas pueden tener un papel importante en la etiología y en la patogénesis de algunos TOs. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre el tema aún no permiten concluir de manera sólida los mecanismos definitivos involucrados en el desarrollo y en la progresión de los TOs. Se sugiere el desarrollo de más estudios moleculares y genéticos que evalúen muestras significativas de TOs para establecer su etiopatogenia, facilitar su proceso diagnóstico y enriquecer su abordaje terapéutico.
Referencias
1. Bilodeau EA, Seethala RR. Update on Odontogenic Tumors: Proceedings of the North American Head and Neck Pathology Society. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(3):457-465. [ Links ]
2. Wright JM, Soluk Tekkesin M. Odontogenic tumors: where are we in 2017 ?. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2017;51(3 Suppl 1):S10-S30. [ Links ]
3. Sandoval-Basilio J, González-González R, Bologna-Molina R, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms in odontogenic tumors: A literature review. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;87:211-217. [ Links ]
4. El-Naggar 2017 El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg P, eds. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017. [ Links ]
5. Barrios-Garay K, Agudelo-Sánchez L, Aguirre-Urizar J, Gay-Escoda C. Analyses of odontogenic tumours: the most recent classification proposed by the World Health Organization. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;23751. [ Links ]
6. Kumamoto H. Molecular pathology of odontogenic tumors. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(2):65-74. [ Links ]
7. Yukimori A, Oikawa Y, Morita KI, et al. Genetic basis of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0180224. [ Links ]
8. Sweeney RT, McClary AC, Myers BR, et al. Identification of recurrent SMO and BRAF mutations in ameloblastomas. Nat Genet. 2014;46(7):722-725. [ Links ]
9. Kurppa KJ, Catón J, Morgan PR, et al. High frequency of BRAF V600E mutations in ameloblastoma. J Pathol. 2014;232(5):492-498. [ Links ]
10. Garg K, Chandra S, Raj V, Fareed W, Zafar M. Molecular and genetic aspects of odontogenic tumors: a review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2015;18(6):529-536. [ Links ]
11. Gibson CW, Lally E, Herold RC, Decker S, Brinster RL, Sandgren EP. Odontogenic tumors in mice carrying albumin-myc and albumin-rats transgenes. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;51(2):162-167. [ Links ]
12. Dodds AP, Cannon RE, Suggs CA, Wright JT. mRNA expression and phenotype of odontogenic tumours in the v-Ha-ras transgenic mouse. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48(12):843-850. [ Links ]
13. Sandra F, Nakamura N, Kanematsu T, Hirata M, Ohishi M. The role of MDM2 in the proliferative activity of ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(2):153-157. [ Links ]
14. Batista de Paula AM, da Costa Neto JQ, da Silva Gusmão E, Guimarães Santos FB, Gomez RS. Immunolocalization of the p53 protein in a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(2):256-258. [ Links ]
15. Kumamoto H, Izutsu T, Ohki K, Takahashi N, Ooya K. p53 gene status and expression of p53, MDM2, and p14 proteins in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33(5):292-299. [ Links ]
16. Tenório JR, Santana T, Queiroz SI, de Oliveira DH, Queiroz LM. Apoptosis and cell cycle aberrations in epithelial odontogenic lesions: An evidence by the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e120-e125. [ Links ]
17. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Immunohistochemical detection of beta-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34(7):401-406. [ Links ]
18. Castrilli G, Piantelli M, Artese L, et al. Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins of the human DNA mismatch repair system in ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(5):305-308. [ Links ]
20. Yamada C, Aikawa T, Okuno E, et al. TGF-ß in jaw tumor fluids induces RANKL expression in stromal fibroblasts. Int J Oncol. 2016;49(2):499-508 [ Links ]
21. Kim J, Yook JI. Immunohistochemical study on proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in ameloblastomas. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B(2):126-131. [ Links ]
22. Slootweg PJ. p53 protein and Ki-67 reactivity in epithelial odontogenic lesions. An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995;24(9):393-397. [ Links ]
23. Kumamoto H, Kimi K, Ooya K. Detection of cell cycle-related factors in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(5):309-315. [ Links ]
24. Shahela T, Aesha S, Ranganathan K, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA in epithelial linings of selected odontogenic lesions. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2615-2618. [ Links ]
25. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation of apoptotic cell death in granular cell ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(4):245-250. [ Links ]
26. Mascitti M, Santarelli A, Zizzi A, Procaccini M, Lo Muzio L, Rubini C. Expression of p73 and TRAIL in odontogenic cysts and tumors. J Oral Sci. 2016;58(4):459-464. [ Links ]
27. Tenório JR, Santana T, Queiroz SI, de Oliveira DH, Queiroz LM. Apoptosis and cell cycle aberrations in epithelial odontogenic lesions: An evidence by the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e120-e125. [ Links ]
28. Ruhin-Poncet B, Ghoul-Mazgar S, Hotton D, et al. Msx and dlx homeogene expression in epithelial odontogenic tumors. J Histochem Cytochem. 2009;57(1):69-78. [ Links ]
29. Zhang L, Chen XM, Sun ZJ, Bian Z, Fan MW, Chen Z. Epithelial expression of SHH signaling pathway in odontogenic tumors. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(4):398-408. [ Links ]
30. Santos HBP, Medeiros HCM, Mafra RP, Miguel MCC, Galvão HC, de Souza LB. Regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway may be related to Reg? in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;128(1):43-51. [ Links ]
31. Carreón-Burciaga RG, González-González R, Molina-Frechero N, López-Verdín S, Pereira-Prado V, Bologna-Molina R. Differences in E-Cadherin and Syndecan-1 Expression in Different Types of Ameloblastomas. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2018;2018:9392632. [ Links ]
32. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and their associated molecules in ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Oral Dis. 2006;12(2):163-170. [ Links ]
33. Kumamoto H, Ohki K, Ooya K. Association between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tumor angiogenesis in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(1):28-34. [ Links ]
34. Sá MC, de Matos FR, Conceição TS, Leitão AC, Freitas RA. Immunoexpression of tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1a and interleukin-10 on odontogenic cysts and tumours. Int Endod J. 2017;50(5):437-445. [ Links ]
35. Andrade FR, Sousa DP, Mendonça EF, Silva TA, Lara VS, Batista AC. Expression of bone resorption regulators (RANK, RANKL, and OPG) in odontogenic tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(4):548-555. [ Links ]
36. Brown NA, Rolland D, McHugh JB, et al. Activating FGFR2-RAS-BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(21):5517-5526. [ Links ]
37. Diniz MG, Gomes CC, Guimarães BV, et al. Assessment of BRAFV600E and SMOF412E mutations in epithelial odontogenic tumours. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(7):5649-5653. [ Links ]
38. Tan S, Pollack JR, Kaplan MJ, Colevas AD, West RB. BRAF inhibitor treatment of primary BRAF-mutant ameloblastoma with pathologic assessment of response. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(1):e5-e7. [ Links ]
39. Toprani SM. DNA damage and repair scenario in ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol. 2020;108:104804. [ Links ]
40. Fregnani ER, Perez DE, Paes de Almeida O, et al. BRAF-V600E expression correlates with ameloblastoma aggressiveness. Histopathology. 2017;70(3):473-484. [ Links ]
41. Lapthanasupkul P, Laosuk T, Ruangvejvorachai P, Aittiwarapoj A, Kitkumthorn N. Frequency of BRAF V600E mutation in a group of Thai patients with ameloblastomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;S2212-4403(20)31034-8. [ Links ]
42. Amaral-Silva GKD, Sánchez-Romero C, Wagner VP, et al. Prognostic significance of hMSH2, hMSH3, and hMSH6 expression in ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;124(3):286-295. [ Links ]
43. Bologna-Molina R, Pereira-Prado V, Sánchez-Romero C, et al. Expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in ameloblastomas and tooth germs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e126-e131. [ Links ]
44. Montezuma MAP, Fonseca FP, Benites BM, et al. COX-2 as a determinant of lower disease-free survival for patients affected by ameloblastoma. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(6):907-913. [ Links ]
45. Nagi R, Sahu S, Rakesh N. Molecular and genetic aspects in the etiopathogenesis of ameloblastoma: An update. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2016;20(3):497-504. [ Links ]
46. You Z, Liu SP, Du J, Wu YH, Zhang SZ. Advancements in MAPK signaling pathways and MAPK-targeted therapies for ameloblastoma: a review. J Oral Path Med. 2019;48(3):201-205. [ Links ]
47. Narayan B, Urs AB, Augustine J, et al. Genetic alteration of Exon 5 of the PTEN gene in Indian patients with ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;127(3):225-230. [ Links ]
48. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Khongkhunthian P, Sciubba JJ. Immunoprofile of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Oral Dis. 2017;23(6):731-736. [ Links ]
49. Bello IO, Alrabeeah MA, AlFouzan NF, Alabdulaali NA, Nieminen P. FAK, paxillin, and PI3K in ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. (published online ahead of print), 2020 Jul 17. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;10.1007/s00784-020-03465-4 [ Links ]
50. McLean GW, Carragher NO, Avizienyte E, Evans J, Brunton VG, Frame MC. The role of focal-adhesion kinase in cancer - a new therapeutic opportunity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(7):505-515. [ Links ]
51. Deramaudt TB, Dujardin D, Noulet F, et al. Altering FAK-paxillin interactions reduces adhesion, migration and invasion processes. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92059. [ Links ]
52. Gomes CC, de Sousa SF, de Menezes GH, et al. Recurrent KRAS G12V pathogenic mutation in adenomatoid odontogenic tumours. Oral Oncol. 2016;56:e3-e5. [ Links ]
53. Almoguera C, Shibata D, Forrester K, Martin J, Arnheim N, Perucho M. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell. 1988;53(4):549-554. [ Links ]
Bologna-Molina R, Ogawa I, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Takata T, Sánchez-Romero C, Villarroel-Dorrego M, Takeda Y, Mikami T. Detection of MAPK/ERK pathway proteins and KRAS mutations in adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Oral Dis. 2019;25(2):481-487 [ Links ]
55. Crivelini MM, Felipini RC, Miyahara GI, de Sousa SC. Expression of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein, amelotin, ameloblastin, and amelogenin in odontogenic tumors: immunohistochemical analysis and pathogenetic considerations. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(3):272-280. [ Links ]
56. Perdigão PF, Carvalho VM, DE Marco L, Gomez RS. Mutation of ameloblastin gene in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(8):3065-3067. [ Links ]
57. de Sousa SF, Diniz MG, França JA, et al. Cancer genes mutation profiling in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour. J Clin Pathol. 2018;71(3):279-283. [ Links ]
58. Peacock ZS, Cox D, Schmidt BL. Involvement of PTCH1 mutations in the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(5):387-392. [ Links ]
59. Santos JN, Sousa Neto ES, França JA, et al. Next-generation sequencing of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in odontogenic myxomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(10):1036-1039. [ Links ]
60. de Siqueira EC, de Sousa SF, Carlos R, et al. Odontogenic myxomas lack PDGFRB mutations reported in myofibromas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2020;49(3):278-283. [ Links ]
61. González-Galván MC, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Bologna-Molina R, Setien-Olarra A, Marichalar-Mendia X, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Evaluation of the osteoclastogenic process associated with RANK / RANK-L / OPG in odontogenic myxomas. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(3):e315-e319. [ Links ]
62. Bologna-Molina R, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Domínguez-Malagón H, et al. Immunolocalization of VEGF-A and orosomucoid-1 in odontogenic myxoma. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2015;56(2):465-473. [ Links ]
63. Mosqueda-Taylor A, Pires FR, Aguirre-Urízar JM, et al. Primordial odontogenic tumour: clinicopathological analysis of six cases of a previously undescribed entity. Histopathology. 2014;65(5):606-612. [ Links ]
64. Azzi L, Tettamanti L, Di Francesco A, et al. Primordial odontogenic tumour: A systematic review of the common but also unusual features of this novel entity. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;S2468-7855(20)30042-2. [ Links ]
65. Bologna-Molina R, Mikami T, Pereira-Prado V, Pires FR, Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda-Taylor A. Primordial odontogenic tumor: An immunohistochemical profile. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(3):e314-e323. [ Links ]
66. Mikami T, Bologna-Molina R, Mosqueda-Taylor A, et al. Pathogenesis of primordial odontogenic tumour based on tumourigenesis and odontogenesis. Oral Dis. 2018;24(7):1226-1234. [ Links ]
2. Wright JM, Soluk Tekkesin M. Odontogenic tumors: where are we in 2017 ?. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2017;51(3 Suppl 1):S10-S30. [ Links ]
3. Sandoval-Basilio J, González-González R, Bologna-Molina R, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms in odontogenic tumors: A literature review. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;87:211-217. [ Links ]
4. El-Naggar 2017 El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg P, eds. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017. [ Links ]
5. Barrios-Garay K, Agudelo-Sánchez L, Aguirre-Urizar J, Gay-Escoda C. Analyses of odontogenic tumours: the most recent classification proposed by the World Health Organization. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2020;23751. [ Links ]
6. Kumamoto H. Molecular pathology of odontogenic tumors. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35(2):65-74. [ Links ]
7. Yukimori A, Oikawa Y, Morita KI, et al. Genetic basis of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0180224. [ Links ]
8. Sweeney RT, McClary AC, Myers BR, et al. Identification of recurrent SMO and BRAF mutations in ameloblastomas. Nat Genet. 2014;46(7):722-725. [ Links ]
9. Kurppa KJ, Catón J, Morgan PR, et al. High frequency of BRAF V600E mutations in ameloblastoma. J Pathol. 2014;232(5):492-498. [ Links ]
10. Garg K, Chandra S, Raj V, Fareed W, Zafar M. Molecular and genetic aspects of odontogenic tumors: a review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2015;18(6):529-536. [ Links ]
11. Gibson CW, Lally E, Herold RC, Decker S, Brinster RL, Sandgren EP. Odontogenic tumors in mice carrying albumin-myc and albumin-rats transgenes. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;51(2):162-167. [ Links ]
12. Dodds AP, Cannon RE, Suggs CA, Wright JT. mRNA expression and phenotype of odontogenic tumours in the v-Ha-ras transgenic mouse. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48(12):843-850. [ Links ]
13. Sandra F, Nakamura N, Kanematsu T, Hirata M, Ohishi M. The role of MDM2 in the proliferative activity of ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(2):153-157. [ Links ]
14. Batista de Paula AM, da Costa Neto JQ, da Silva Gusmão E, Guimarães Santos FB, Gomez RS. Immunolocalization of the p53 protein in a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(2):256-258. [ Links ]
15. Kumamoto H, Izutsu T, Ohki K, Takahashi N, Ooya K. p53 gene status and expression of p53, MDM2, and p14 proteins in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33(5):292-299. [ Links ]
16. Tenório JR, Santana T, Queiroz SI, de Oliveira DH, Queiroz LM. Apoptosis and cell cycle aberrations in epithelial odontogenic lesions: An evidence by the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e120-e125. [ Links ]
17. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Immunohistochemical detection of beta-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34(7):401-406. [ Links ]
18. Castrilli G, Piantelli M, Artese L, et al. Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins of the human DNA mismatch repair system in ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(5):305-308. [ Links ]
20. Yamada C, Aikawa T, Okuno E, et al. TGF-ß in jaw tumor fluids induces RANKL expression in stromal fibroblasts. Int J Oncol. 2016;49(2):499-508 [ Links ]
21. Kim J, Yook JI. Immunohistochemical study on proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in ameloblastomas. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B(2):126-131. [ Links ]
22. Slootweg PJ. p53 protein and Ki-67 reactivity in epithelial odontogenic lesions. An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995;24(9):393-397. [ Links ]
23. Kumamoto H, Kimi K, Ooya K. Detection of cell cycle-related factors in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(5):309-315. [ Links ]
24. Shahela T, Aesha S, Ranganathan K, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA in epithelial linings of selected odontogenic lesions. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2615-2618. [ Links ]
25. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation of apoptotic cell death in granular cell ameloblastoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(4):245-250. [ Links ]
26. Mascitti M, Santarelli A, Zizzi A, Procaccini M, Lo Muzio L, Rubini C. Expression of p73 and TRAIL in odontogenic cysts and tumors. J Oral Sci. 2016;58(4):459-464. [ Links ]
27. Tenório JR, Santana T, Queiroz SI, de Oliveira DH, Queiroz LM. Apoptosis and cell cycle aberrations in epithelial odontogenic lesions: An evidence by the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e120-e125. [ Links ]
28. Ruhin-Poncet B, Ghoul-Mazgar S, Hotton D, et al. Msx and dlx homeogene expression in epithelial odontogenic tumors. J Histochem Cytochem. 2009;57(1):69-78. [ Links ]
29. Zhang L, Chen XM, Sun ZJ, Bian Z, Fan MW, Chen Z. Epithelial expression of SHH signaling pathway in odontogenic tumors. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(4):398-408. [ Links ]
30. Santos HBP, Medeiros HCM, Mafra RP, Miguel MCC, Galvão HC, de Souza LB. Regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway may be related to Reg? in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;128(1):43-51. [ Links ]
31. Carreón-Burciaga RG, González-González R, Molina-Frechero N, López-Verdín S, Pereira-Prado V, Bologna-Molina R. Differences in E-Cadherin and Syndecan-1 Expression in Different Types of Ameloblastomas. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2018;2018:9392632. [ Links ]
32. Kumamoto H, Ooya K. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and their associated molecules in ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Oral Dis. 2006;12(2):163-170. [ Links ]
33. Kumamoto H, Ohki K, Ooya K. Association between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tumor angiogenesis in ameloblastomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(1):28-34. [ Links ]
34. Sá MC, de Matos FR, Conceição TS, Leitão AC, Freitas RA. Immunoexpression of tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1a and interleukin-10 on odontogenic cysts and tumours. Int Endod J. 2017;50(5):437-445. [ Links ]
35. Andrade FR, Sousa DP, Mendonça EF, Silva TA, Lara VS, Batista AC. Expression of bone resorption regulators (RANK, RANKL, and OPG) in odontogenic tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(4):548-555. [ Links ]
36. Brown NA, Rolland D, McHugh JB, et al. Activating FGFR2-RAS-BRAF mutations in ameloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(21):5517-5526. [ Links ]
37. Diniz MG, Gomes CC, Guimarães BV, et al. Assessment of BRAFV600E and SMOF412E mutations in epithelial odontogenic tumours. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(7):5649-5653. [ Links ]
38. Tan S, Pollack JR, Kaplan MJ, Colevas AD, West RB. BRAF inhibitor treatment of primary BRAF-mutant ameloblastoma with pathologic assessment of response. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(1):e5-e7. [ Links ]
39. Toprani SM. DNA damage and repair scenario in ameloblastoma. Oral Oncol. 2020;108:104804. [ Links ]
40. Fregnani ER, Perez DE, Paes de Almeida O, et al. BRAF-V600E expression correlates with ameloblastoma aggressiveness. Histopathology. 2017;70(3):473-484. [ Links ]
41. Lapthanasupkul P, Laosuk T, Ruangvejvorachai P, Aittiwarapoj A, Kitkumthorn N. Frequency of BRAF V600E mutation in a group of Thai patients with ameloblastomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2020;S2212-4403(20)31034-8. [ Links ]
42. Amaral-Silva GKD, Sánchez-Romero C, Wagner VP, et al. Prognostic significance of hMSH2, hMSH3, and hMSH6 expression in ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;124(3):286-295. [ Links ]
43. Bologna-Molina R, Pereira-Prado V, Sánchez-Romero C, et al. Expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in ameloblastomas and tooth germs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(2):e126-e131. [ Links ]
44. Montezuma MAP, Fonseca FP, Benites BM, et al. COX-2 as a determinant of lower disease-free survival for patients affected by ameloblastoma. Pathol Res Pract. 2018;214(6):907-913. [ Links ]
45. Nagi R, Sahu S, Rakesh N. Molecular and genetic aspects in the etiopathogenesis of ameloblastoma: An update. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2016;20(3):497-504. [ Links ]
46. You Z, Liu SP, Du J, Wu YH, Zhang SZ. Advancements in MAPK signaling pathways and MAPK-targeted therapies for ameloblastoma: a review. J Oral Path Med. 2019;48(3):201-205. [ Links ]
47. Narayan B, Urs AB, Augustine J, et al. Genetic alteration of Exon 5 of the PTEN gene in Indian patients with ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;127(3):225-230. [ Links ]
48. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Khongkhunthian P, Sciubba JJ. Immunoprofile of the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Oral Dis. 2017;23(6):731-736. [ Links ]
49. Bello IO, Alrabeeah MA, AlFouzan NF, Alabdulaali NA, Nieminen P. FAK, paxillin, and PI3K in ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. (published online ahead of print), 2020 Jul 17. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;10.1007/s00784-020-03465-4 [ Links ]
50. McLean GW, Carragher NO, Avizienyte E, Evans J, Brunton VG, Frame MC. The role of focal-adhesion kinase in cancer - a new therapeutic opportunity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(7):505-515. [ Links ]
51. Deramaudt TB, Dujardin D, Noulet F, et al. Altering FAK-paxillin interactions reduces adhesion, migration and invasion processes. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92059. [ Links ]
52. Gomes CC, de Sousa SF, de Menezes GH, et al. Recurrent KRAS G12V pathogenic mutation in adenomatoid odontogenic tumours. Oral Oncol. 2016;56:e3-e5. [ Links ]
53. Almoguera C, Shibata D, Forrester K, Martin J, Arnheim N, Perucho M. Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell. 1988;53(4):549-554. [ Links ]
Bologna-Molina R, Ogawa I, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Takata T, Sánchez-Romero C, Villarroel-Dorrego M, Takeda Y, Mikami T. Detection of MAPK/ERK pathway proteins and KRAS mutations in adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Oral Dis. 2019;25(2):481-487 [ Links ]
55. Crivelini MM, Felipini RC, Miyahara GI, de Sousa SC. Expression of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein, amelotin, ameloblastin, and amelogenin in odontogenic tumors: immunohistochemical analysis and pathogenetic considerations. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(3):272-280. [ Links ]
56. Perdigão PF, Carvalho VM, DE Marco L, Gomez RS. Mutation of ameloblastin gene in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(8):3065-3067. [ Links ]
57. de Sousa SF, Diniz MG, França JA, et al. Cancer genes mutation profiling in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour. J Clin Pathol. 2018;71(3):279-283. [ Links ]
58. Peacock ZS, Cox D, Schmidt BL. Involvement of PTCH1 mutations in the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(5):387-392. [ Links ]
59. Santos JN, Sousa Neto ES, França JA, et al. Next-generation sequencing of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in odontogenic myxomas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(10):1036-1039. [ Links ]
60. de Siqueira EC, de Sousa SF, Carlos R, et al. Odontogenic myxomas lack PDGFRB mutations reported in myofibromas. J Oral Pathol Med. 2020;49(3):278-283. [ Links ]
61. González-Galván MC, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Bologna-Molina R, Setien-Olarra A, Marichalar-Mendia X, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Evaluation of the osteoclastogenic process associated with RANK / RANK-L / OPG in odontogenic myxomas. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2018;23(3):e315-e319. [ Links ]
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