Palavras-chave
Recesión; cirugía plástica periodontal y peri-implantaria; injertos de tejido conjuntivo.
Como Citar
Tratamiento de recesiones y defectos mucogingivales mediante injertos de tejido conjuntivo en piezas dentarias e implantes. (2019). Odontoestomatología, 17(26), 35-46. https://odon.edu.uy/ojs/index.php/ode/article/view/44
Resumo
Las recesiones gingivales son un hallazgo clínico frecuente. Son un problema estético, causan hipersensibilidad y dificultad el buen control de placa microbiana.
En el caso de implantes las recesiones ocasionan problemas estéticos y su progresión parece no ser frecuente (1).
Los procedimientos de cirugía plástica periodontal son los indicados en estos casos, y estas técnicas serán “adaptadas” para el tratamiento de áreas peri-implantarias (1).
En la literatura existen diferentes propuestas de tratamiento, siendo el Gold Standard el injerto de tejido conjuntivo ya que nos ofrece una mayor tasa de éxito y predicibilidad.
Referências
1-Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Shibli J. Aplicación de Cirugía Plástica Periodontal en Implantología: Cirugía Plástica Peri-implantar. En: Implantología Clínica Basada en Evidencia Científica, ABROSS, 2012, Capítulo 8, 227-243.
2- Miller PD. Regenerative and reconstructive periodontal plastic surgery: mucogingival surgery. Dental Clinic of North America, 1988; 32: 287-306.
3-Blanco J, Villaverde G, Barbosa R. Tratamiento de las recesiones gingivales con injertos de tejido conectivo. Resultados tras cinco años de evolución. Avances en Periodoncia 2000; 12(1): 35-42.
4- De Carvalho S, Ribeiro L, Coelho M. Solución estética para prótesis sobre implante. Full Dent Sci 2012; 4(13): 112-115.
5- Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetics . Part I: Rationale and basic strategies for successful esthetic rehabilitations. J. Esthetic Dent. 1993; 5: 161- 173.
6- Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetic . Part III: Fixed partial dentures . J. Esthetic Dent. 1994; 6: 15- 22.
7- Saadoun A. Periodontal implications in implant treatment planning for aesthetic results. Pract. Periodont Aesthet Dent, 1998; 10 (5): 655-664.
8-De Jesús Tavarez R, Santos A, Silva A. Remodelación del contorno gingival como forma de optimizar el resultado estético de prótesis fijas anteriores. Full Dent. Sci, 2012; 4(13): 5-15.
9- Blanco J, Ramos I. Single Implant- Supported Restorations in the Anterior Maxilla. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2005; 25:149-155.
10-Chambrone L, Pannuti CM, Tu YK, Chambrone LA. Evidence- based periodontal plastic surgery. II. An individual data meta-analysis for evaluating factors in achieving complete root coverage. J Periodontol 2012; 83: 477-490.
11-Cooper G, Tredwin C, Cooper N. The influence of maxillary central incisor height to width ratio on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J 2012; 12 (23): 589-599.
12- Wennström JL, Zucchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J Clin Periodontol 1996; 23: 770-777.
13- Gonzales J, Klimek J, Meyle J. Aesthetic Periodontal Plastic Surgery: a Case Report. Perio 2004 (1) 3: 263-276.
14- Loe H, Anerud A, Boysen H. The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, extent of gingival recesion. J Periodontol 1992; 63: 489-495.
15- Hall W. Present status of tissue grafting. J. Periodontol 1977; 48: 587-92.
16- Palacci P, Nowzari H. Soft tissue enhancement around dental implants. Periodontology 2000 2008;47: 113-132.
17- Olsson M, Lindhe J. Periodontal characteristics in individuals with varying forms of the upper central incisors. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 78-82.
18- Palacci P, Nowzari H. Soft tissue enhancement around dental implants. Periodontology 2000 2008; 47: 113-132.
19- Shibli J, d´Avila S, Marcantonio E. Connective tissue graft to correct peri-implant soft tissue margin: A clinical report. J. Prosthet Dent 2004; 91: 119-22.
20- Shibli J, dÁvila S. Restoration of the soft tissue margin in single tooth implant in the anterior maxilla. J. Oral Implantology 2006; 32 6: 286-290.
21- Wilson T, Buser, D. Timing of Anterior Implant Placement Postextraction: Immediate Versus Early Placement. Clinical Advances in Periodontics May 2011; 1 (1): 61-76.
22- Yong-Moo L, So-Young K, Jim, K. Peri-implant soft tissue level secondary to a connective tissue graft in conjunction with immediate implant placement: a 2 year follow up report of 11 consecutive cases. Int. J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 213-222.
23- Covani U, Marconcini S, Galassini G. Connective tissue graft used as a biologic barrier to cover na inmediate implant. J. Periodontol 2007; 78: 1644-1649.
24- Leong D, Wang H. Árbol de decisión para injertos de tejidos blandos. Rev. Int. Odont. Rest. Period 2011; 15: 306-313.
25- Dorfman H, Kennedy J, Bird, W. Longitudinal evaluation of free autogenous gingival grafts. A four year report. J. Periodontol 1982; 53: 349-352.
26-Wennstrom J. Lack of association between width of attached gingiva and development of gingival recession. A 5 year longitudinal study. J. Clinical Period 1987; 14: 181-184
27- Miller PD. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodontol Rest Dent 1985; 5: 9-13.
28- Cairo F, Nieri M, Cincinelli S, Mervelt J, Pagliaro U. The interproximal clinical attachment level to classify gingival recessions and predict root coverage outcomes: an explorative and reliability study. J Clin Periodontol 2011, 38: 661-666.
29- Salama H, Salama M, Garber D. The interproximal height of bone: a guidepost to predictable aesthetic strategies and soft tissue contours in anterior tooth replacement. Pract. Periodont Aesthetic Dent 1998; 10(9): 1131-1141.
30- Harris, R. Creeping attachment associated with the connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft. J Periodontol, 1997; 68: 890-899.
31- Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA, Lima LA. The influence of tobacco smoking on the outcomes achieved by root coverage procedures: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140: 294-306
32- Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello CP, Liljenberg B, Thomsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991; 2: 81-90.
33- Belser U, Buser D, Hess D. Aesthetic implant restorations in partially edentulous patients- A critical appraisal. Periodontol. 2000 1998; 17: 132- 150.
34- Kazor C, Al Shammari K, Ssarment D. Implant Plastic Surgery: A review and rationale. J Oral Implantol 2004; 30(4): 240-254.
35- Ghassemian M, Nowzari H, Lajolo C. The Thickness of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary anterior teeth. J. Periodontol jun 2010; 81 (6): 885-890.
36- Chambrone LA, Villa N, Cardoso RL, Lascala NT. Aspectos histopatológicos do tratamento de retrações gengivais localizadas com retalho deslocado e associado ao ácido cítrico. Rev Peridontia 1998; 7: 61- 65.
37- Grupe H, Warren R. Repair of gingival defects by a sliding flap operation. J. Periodontol 1956; 27: 92- 99.
38- Zuchelli G, Amore C, Sforza N. Bilaminar techniques for the treatment of recession type defects. A comparative clinical study. J. Clin. Periodontol 2003; 30: 862-870.
39- Sullivan H, Alkins J. Free autogenous gingival grafts III. Utilization of grafts in the treatment of gingival recession. Periodontics 1968; 6: 152- 160.
40- Ferrao J, Kalife A, Parma A. Aumento de faja gingival insertada a través de injerto gingival libre en áreas de recesión originada por el uso de piercing: reporte de caso. Full Dent. Sci.2012; 4(13): 72-77.
41- Karring T, Lang N, Loe H. The role of gingival connective tissue in determining epithelial differentiation. J. Dent Res 1972; 51: 1303-1304.
42- Edel A. Clinical evaluation of free connective tissue grafts used to increase the width of keratinized gingiva. J. Clin. Periodontol 1974; 1: 185-196.
43- Langer B, Langer L. Subepithelial connective tissue grafts technique for root coverage. J. Periodontol 1985; 56: 715-720.
44- Raetzke P. Covering localized areas of root exposure employing the “envelope” technique. J. Periodontol 1985; 56: 397-401.
45- Allen A. Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. II. Clinical results. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1994; 14: 303-315.
46- Nelson S. The subpedicle connective tissue graft. A bilaminar reconstructive procedure for the coverage of denuded root surfaces. J. Periodontol 1987; 58: 95-102
47- Wennstrom J, Zuchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J. Clin Periodontol 1996; 23: 770-777.
48- Bruno J. Connective tissue graft technique assuring wide root coverage. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994; 14: 127-137.
49- Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness double pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining root coverage. J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.
50- Azzi R, Etienne D, Takei H, Fenech P. Surgical thickening of the existing gingiva and reconstruction of interdental papillae around implant-supported restorations. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2002; 22: 71–77.
51- Chambrone L, Faggion CM Jr, Pannuti CM, Chambrone LA. Evidence-based periodontal plastic surgery: an assessment of quality of systematic reviews in the treatment of recession-type defects. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 1110–1118.
52- Roccuzzo M, Bunino M, Needleman I, Sanz M. Periodontal plastic surgery for treatment of localized gingival reces- sions: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29: 178–194.
53- Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness doublé pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining root coverage. J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.
54- Reiser GM, Bruno JF, Mahan PE, Larkin LH. The subepithelial connective tissue graft palatal donor site: Anatomic considerations for surgeons. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1996; 16: 130–137.
55-Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA, Lima LA. Can subepithelial connective tissue grafts be considered the gold standard procedure in the treatment of Miller Class I and II recession-type defects? J Dent 2008; 36: 659-671.
56- Harris R. Root coverage in molar recession: report of 50 consecutive cases treated with subepithelial connective tissue grafts. J. Periodontol 2003; 74: 703-708.
57- Pini Prato G, Pagliaro U, Baldi C. Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Flap with tension versus flap without tension: a randomized controlled clinical study. J. Periodontol 2000; 71: 188-201.
58- Tsourounakis I, Sweidan C, Palaiologou A. Coverage of Isolated, Severe Gingival Recession. A Modified Technique. Clinical Advances in Periodontics 2013; (10): 1-13.
59- Bohm S, Weng T, Meyle J. Connective Tissue Grafts in Periodontal Surgery. Perio 2006; 3(2): 129-137.
60- Bosco A, Días J. An Alternative Technique to the Harvesting of a Connective Tissue Graft from a Thin Palate: Enhanced Wound Healing. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2007; 27: 133-139.
61- Harris RJ. A comparison of two techniques for obtaining a connective tissue graft from the palate. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1997;17: 261-271.
62- Harris RJ. The connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft: the results of 100 consecutively treated defects. J Periodontol 1994; 65: 448–461.
63- Hurzeler M, Weng D. A single incisión technique to haverst subepithelial connective tissue grafts from the palate. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 1999; 19: 279-287.
64- Khoury F, Happe A. The palatal subepithelial connective tissue flap method for soft tissue management to cover maxillary defects: A clinical report. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000; 15: 415-418.
65- Barbosa F, Soares D, Goncalvez E. Dimensional changes between Free Gingival Grafts Fixed with Ethyl Cyanocrylate and Silk Sutures. J. International Academy of Period 2009; 11(2): 170-176.
66- Wilderman MN, Wentz FM. Repair of a dentogingival defect with a pedicle flap. J Periodontol 1965;36: 218–231.
67- Caffesse RG, Kon S, Castelli WA, Nasjleti CE. Revascularization following the lateral sliding flap procedure. J Periodontol 1984; 55:352–358.
68- Harris RJ. Successful root coverage: a human histologic evaluation of a case. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1999b; 19: 439–447.
69- Goldstein M, Boyan BD, Cochran DL, Schwartz Z. Human histology of new attachment after root coverage using subepithelial connective tissue graft. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:657–662.
70- Pasquinelli K. Histología de la nueva inserción al utilizar un injerto autógeno de tejido blando grueso en un área de profunda recesión: Reporte de un caso. Int. J. Period Rest Dent 1995; 15:248-257.
71- Melcher AH, Accursi GE. Osteogenic capacity of periosteal and osteoperiosteal flaps elevated from the parietal bone of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16: 573–580.
72- Melcher AH. Role of the periosteum in repair of wounds of the parietal bone of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1969;14: 1101–1109.
73- Melcher AH. Wound healing in monkey (Macaca irus) mandible: effect of elevating periosteum on formation of subperiosteal callus. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16: 461–464.
74- Weng D, Hürzeler MB, Quinones CR, Ohlms A, Caffesse RG. Contribution of the periosteum to bone formation in guided bone regeneration: a study in monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11: 546–554.
75- Lindhe J, Karring T. Anatomy of the periodontium. En: Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 3 ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997. p19-68.
76-Bueno L, Rodriguez D. Tratamiento Interdisciplinario de Periodontitis Agresiva Localizada: Reporte de un caso. Rev Clín Periodon, Implantol Rehab Oral 2010; 3(2): 90-93.
77- Lenga Y. Connective Tissue Grafts. Ontario Dentist 2007; 84(10): 22-25.
78- Tinti C, Parma-Benfenatti S. Minimally invasive technique for gingival augmentation around dental implants. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 187-193.
79-Durán J, Alarcón C, Velásquez D. Application of biological based biomaterials, bioactive molecules and tissue engineering in periodontal plastic surgery. A review. Rev. Clin. Periodoncia Implantol. Rehabil. Oral 2012; 5(3): 144-151.
2- Miller PD. Regenerative and reconstructive periodontal plastic surgery: mucogingival surgery. Dental Clinic of North America, 1988; 32: 287-306.
3-Blanco J, Villaverde G, Barbosa R. Tratamiento de las recesiones gingivales con injertos de tejido conectivo. Resultados tras cinco años de evolución. Avances en Periodoncia 2000; 12(1): 35-42.
4- De Carvalho S, Ribeiro L, Coelho M. Solución estética para prótesis sobre implante. Full Dent Sci 2012; 4(13): 112-115.
5- Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetics . Part I: Rationale and basic strategies for successful esthetic rehabilitations. J. Esthetic Dent. 1993; 5: 161- 173.
6- Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetic . Part III: Fixed partial dentures . J. Esthetic Dent. 1994; 6: 15- 22.
7- Saadoun A. Periodontal implications in implant treatment planning for aesthetic results. Pract. Periodont Aesthet Dent, 1998; 10 (5): 655-664.
8-De Jesús Tavarez R, Santos A, Silva A. Remodelación del contorno gingival como forma de optimizar el resultado estético de prótesis fijas anteriores. Full Dent. Sci, 2012; 4(13): 5-15.
9- Blanco J, Ramos I. Single Implant- Supported Restorations in the Anterior Maxilla. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2005; 25:149-155.
10-Chambrone L, Pannuti CM, Tu YK, Chambrone LA. Evidence- based periodontal plastic surgery. II. An individual data meta-analysis for evaluating factors in achieving complete root coverage. J Periodontol 2012; 83: 477-490.
11-Cooper G, Tredwin C, Cooper N. The influence of maxillary central incisor height to width ratio on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J 2012; 12 (23): 589-599.
12- Wennström JL, Zucchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J Clin Periodontol 1996; 23: 770-777.
13- Gonzales J, Klimek J, Meyle J. Aesthetic Periodontal Plastic Surgery: a Case Report. Perio 2004 (1) 3: 263-276.
14- Loe H, Anerud A, Boysen H. The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, extent of gingival recesion. J Periodontol 1992; 63: 489-495.
15- Hall W. Present status of tissue grafting. J. Periodontol 1977; 48: 587-92.
16- Palacci P, Nowzari H. Soft tissue enhancement around dental implants. Periodontology 2000 2008;47: 113-132.
17- Olsson M, Lindhe J. Periodontal characteristics in individuals with varying forms of the upper central incisors. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 78-82.
18- Palacci P, Nowzari H. Soft tissue enhancement around dental implants. Periodontology 2000 2008; 47: 113-132.
19- Shibli J, d´Avila S, Marcantonio E. Connective tissue graft to correct peri-implant soft tissue margin: A clinical report. J. Prosthet Dent 2004; 91: 119-22.
20- Shibli J, dÁvila S. Restoration of the soft tissue margin in single tooth implant in the anterior maxilla. J. Oral Implantology 2006; 32 6: 286-290.
21- Wilson T, Buser, D. Timing of Anterior Implant Placement Postextraction: Immediate Versus Early Placement. Clinical Advances in Periodontics May 2011; 1 (1): 61-76.
22- Yong-Moo L, So-Young K, Jim, K. Peri-implant soft tissue level secondary to a connective tissue graft in conjunction with immediate implant placement: a 2 year follow up report of 11 consecutive cases. Int. J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 213-222.
23- Covani U, Marconcini S, Galassini G. Connective tissue graft used as a biologic barrier to cover na inmediate implant. J. Periodontol 2007; 78: 1644-1649.
24- Leong D, Wang H. Árbol de decisión para injertos de tejidos blandos. Rev. Int. Odont. Rest. Period 2011; 15: 306-313.
25- Dorfman H, Kennedy J, Bird, W. Longitudinal evaluation of free autogenous gingival grafts. A four year report. J. Periodontol 1982; 53: 349-352.
26-Wennstrom J. Lack of association between width of attached gingiva and development of gingival recession. A 5 year longitudinal study. J. Clinical Period 1987; 14: 181-184
27- Miller PD. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodontol Rest Dent 1985; 5: 9-13.
28- Cairo F, Nieri M, Cincinelli S, Mervelt J, Pagliaro U. The interproximal clinical attachment level to classify gingival recessions and predict root coverage outcomes: an explorative and reliability study. J Clin Periodontol 2011, 38: 661-666.
29- Salama H, Salama M, Garber D. The interproximal height of bone: a guidepost to predictable aesthetic strategies and soft tissue contours in anterior tooth replacement. Pract. Periodont Aesthetic Dent 1998; 10(9): 1131-1141.
30- Harris, R. Creeping attachment associated with the connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft. J Periodontol, 1997; 68: 890-899.
31- Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA, Lima LA. The influence of tobacco smoking on the outcomes achieved by root coverage procedures: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140: 294-306
32- Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello CP, Liljenberg B, Thomsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991; 2: 81-90.
33- Belser U, Buser D, Hess D. Aesthetic implant restorations in partially edentulous patients- A critical appraisal. Periodontol. 2000 1998; 17: 132- 150.
34- Kazor C, Al Shammari K, Ssarment D. Implant Plastic Surgery: A review and rationale. J Oral Implantol 2004; 30(4): 240-254.
35- Ghassemian M, Nowzari H, Lajolo C. The Thickness of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary anterior teeth. J. Periodontol jun 2010; 81 (6): 885-890.
36- Chambrone LA, Villa N, Cardoso RL, Lascala NT. Aspectos histopatológicos do tratamento de retrações gengivais localizadas com retalho deslocado e associado ao ácido cítrico. Rev Peridontia 1998; 7: 61- 65.
37- Grupe H, Warren R. Repair of gingival defects by a sliding flap operation. J. Periodontol 1956; 27: 92- 99.
38- Zuchelli G, Amore C, Sforza N. Bilaminar techniques for the treatment of recession type defects. A comparative clinical study. J. Clin. Periodontol 2003; 30: 862-870.
39- Sullivan H, Alkins J. Free autogenous gingival grafts III. Utilization of grafts in the treatment of gingival recession. Periodontics 1968; 6: 152- 160.
40- Ferrao J, Kalife A, Parma A. Aumento de faja gingival insertada a través de injerto gingival libre en áreas de recesión originada por el uso de piercing: reporte de caso. Full Dent. Sci.2012; 4(13): 72-77.
41- Karring T, Lang N, Loe H. The role of gingival connective tissue in determining epithelial differentiation. J. Dent Res 1972; 51: 1303-1304.
42- Edel A. Clinical evaluation of free connective tissue grafts used to increase the width of keratinized gingiva. J. Clin. Periodontol 1974; 1: 185-196.
43- Langer B, Langer L. Subepithelial connective tissue grafts technique for root coverage. J. Periodontol 1985; 56: 715-720.
44- Raetzke P. Covering localized areas of root exposure employing the “envelope” technique. J. Periodontol 1985; 56: 397-401.
45- Allen A. Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. II. Clinical results. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1994; 14: 303-315.
46- Nelson S. The subpedicle connective tissue graft. A bilaminar reconstructive procedure for the coverage of denuded root surfaces. J. Periodontol 1987; 58: 95-102
47- Wennstrom J, Zuchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J. Clin Periodontol 1996; 23: 770-777.
48- Bruno J. Connective tissue graft technique assuring wide root coverage. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994; 14: 127-137.
49- Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness double pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining root coverage. J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.
50- Azzi R, Etienne D, Takei H, Fenech P. Surgical thickening of the existing gingiva and reconstruction of interdental papillae around implant-supported restorations. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2002; 22: 71–77.
51- Chambrone L, Faggion CM Jr, Pannuti CM, Chambrone LA. Evidence-based periodontal plastic surgery: an assessment of quality of systematic reviews in the treatment of recession-type defects. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 1110–1118.
52- Roccuzzo M, Bunino M, Needleman I, Sanz M. Periodontal plastic surgery for treatment of localized gingival reces- sions: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29: 178–194.
53- Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness doublé pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining root coverage. J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.
54- Reiser GM, Bruno JF, Mahan PE, Larkin LH. The subepithelial connective tissue graft palatal donor site: Anatomic considerations for surgeons. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1996; 16: 130–137.
55-Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA, Lima LA. Can subepithelial connective tissue grafts be considered the gold standard procedure in the treatment of Miller Class I and II recession-type defects? J Dent 2008; 36: 659-671.
56- Harris R. Root coverage in molar recession: report of 50 consecutive cases treated with subepithelial connective tissue grafts. J. Periodontol 2003; 74: 703-708.
57- Pini Prato G, Pagliaro U, Baldi C. Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Flap with tension versus flap without tension: a randomized controlled clinical study. J. Periodontol 2000; 71: 188-201.
58- Tsourounakis I, Sweidan C, Palaiologou A. Coverage of Isolated, Severe Gingival Recession. A Modified Technique. Clinical Advances in Periodontics 2013; (10): 1-13.
59- Bohm S, Weng T, Meyle J. Connective Tissue Grafts in Periodontal Surgery. Perio 2006; 3(2): 129-137.
60- Bosco A, Días J. An Alternative Technique to the Harvesting of a Connective Tissue Graft from a Thin Palate: Enhanced Wound Healing. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2007; 27: 133-139.
61- Harris RJ. A comparison of two techniques for obtaining a connective tissue graft from the palate. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1997;17: 261-271.
62- Harris RJ. The connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft: the results of 100 consecutively treated defects. J Periodontol 1994; 65: 448–461.
63- Hurzeler M, Weng D. A single incisión technique to haverst subepithelial connective tissue grafts from the palate. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 1999; 19: 279-287.
64- Khoury F, Happe A. The palatal subepithelial connective tissue flap method for soft tissue management to cover maxillary defects: A clinical report. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000; 15: 415-418.
65- Barbosa F, Soares D, Goncalvez E. Dimensional changes between Free Gingival Grafts Fixed with Ethyl Cyanocrylate and Silk Sutures. J. International Academy of Period 2009; 11(2): 170-176.
66- Wilderman MN, Wentz FM. Repair of a dentogingival defect with a pedicle flap. J Periodontol 1965;36: 218–231.
67- Caffesse RG, Kon S, Castelli WA, Nasjleti CE. Revascularization following the lateral sliding flap procedure. J Periodontol 1984; 55:352–358.
68- Harris RJ. Successful root coverage: a human histologic evaluation of a case. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1999b; 19: 439–447.
69- Goldstein M, Boyan BD, Cochran DL, Schwartz Z. Human histology of new attachment after root coverage using subepithelial connective tissue graft. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:657–662.
70- Pasquinelli K. Histología de la nueva inserción al utilizar un injerto autógeno de tejido blando grueso en un área de profunda recesión: Reporte de un caso. Int. J. Period Rest Dent 1995; 15:248-257.
71- Melcher AH, Accursi GE. Osteogenic capacity of periosteal and osteoperiosteal flaps elevated from the parietal bone of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16: 573–580.
72- Melcher AH. Role of the periosteum in repair of wounds of the parietal bone of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1969;14: 1101–1109.
73- Melcher AH. Wound healing in monkey (Macaca irus) mandible: effect of elevating periosteum on formation of subperiosteal callus. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16: 461–464.
74- Weng D, Hürzeler MB, Quinones CR, Ohlms A, Caffesse RG. Contribution of the periosteum to bone formation in guided bone regeneration: a study in monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000; 11: 546–554.
75- Lindhe J, Karring T. Anatomy of the periodontium. En: Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 3 ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997. p19-68.
76-Bueno L, Rodriguez D. Tratamiento Interdisciplinario de Periodontitis Agresiva Localizada: Reporte de un caso. Rev Clín Periodon, Implantol Rehab Oral 2010; 3(2): 90-93.
77- Lenga Y. Connective Tissue Grafts. Ontario Dentist 2007; 84(10): 22-25.
78- Tinti C, Parma-Benfenatti S. Minimally invasive technique for gingival augmentation around dental implants. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012; 32: 187-193.
79-Durán J, Alarcón C, Velásquez D. Application of biological based biomaterials, bioactive molecules and tissue engineering in periodontal plastic surgery. A review. Rev. Clin. Periodoncia Implantol. Rehabil. Oral 2012; 5(3): 144-151.